internment

internment internment camp japanese american internment japanese american internment camp incarceration japanese american incarceration japanese american incarceration camp japanese american removal removal japanese american exclusion exclusion Japanese ancestry e.o. 9066 executive order executive order 9066 9066 manzanar tule lake topaz minidoka granada amache heart mountain jerome gila river poston rohwer manzanar internment camp tule lake internment camp topaz internment camp minidoka internment camp granada internment camp amache internment camp heart mountain internment camp jerome internment camp gila river internment camp poston internment camp rohwer internment camp manzanar california tule lake california topaz utah minidoka idaho granada colorado amache colorado heart mountain wyoming jerome arkansas gila river arizona poston arizona rohwer arizona Denson, Arkansas McGehee, Arkansas temporary assembly center assembly center camp harmony Puyallup tanforan WWII World War II forcible relocation forcible internment 1942 110,000 Japanese nationals Japanese Americans housing facilities War Relocation Camps War relocation authority Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor West Coast Hawaii President Franklin Delano Roosevelt authorized the internment Executive Order 9066 February 19, 1942 military areas exclusion zones any or all persons may be excluded Japanese ancestry excluded entire Pacific coast California Oregon Washington 1944 Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality exclusion orders 1988 President Ronald Reagan signed legislation apologized for the internment on behalf of the U.S. government government actions race prejudice war hysteria $1.6 billion reparations surviving internees heirs pearl harbor 120,000 japanese american president roosevelt franklin roosevelt hirabayashi gordon hirabayashi no-no no-no boy resistor draft resistor McNeil Island Penitentiary Catalina Federal Honor Camp Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary Heart Mountain's Fair Play Committee nisei soldier 442nd go for broke congressional commission relocation japanese american relocation resettlement japanese american resettlement redress japanese american redress reparations japanese american reparations oral history japanese american oral history visual history japanese american visual history digital history japanese american digital history interview interviewee issei nisei sansei yonsei gosei first generation second generation third generation fourth generation fifth generation densho densho project legacy next generation civil rights civil liberties justice asian asian american archive digital archive audio video photo photograph historical photograph document historical documents immigration exclusion asian exclusion act video archive visual archive k-12 curriculum social studies history u.s. history multidisciplinary lessons firsthand accounts compelling images forced removal detention primary source nonprofit documenting oral histories education preserve collaborate action for equity digital technology make accessible primary source material historic value exploring issues of democracy intolerance wartime hysteria civil rights citizenship global society diverse history critical thinking ethical decision-making democratic principles Incarceration Camp War Relocation Authority Relocation Centers War Relocation Authority Incarceration Camps Incarceration Camps War Relocation Authority incarcerees transferred by self-contained communities barbed wire guard towers grid system of blocks tar paper-covered barracks mess hall latrine recreation hall single droplight army cots coal, gas, or wood heater confinement monotony harsh conditions pro- and anti-camp administration residents disempowered issei U.S.-born nisei Temporary Assembly Center Wartime Civil Control Administration Assembly Centers Wartime Civil Control Administration Assembly Centers Temporary Assembly Centers Wartime Civil Control Administration Wartime Civil Control Administration (WCCA) assembly centers Japanese ancestry Executive Order 9066 California Oregon Washington Arizona horse racetracks fairgrounds migrant worker camps abandoned Civilian Conservation Corps camp livestock yard barbed-wire fences armed military police animal stalls barracks communal bathrooms mess halls Puyallup (Camp Harmony) Assembly Center, Washington Immigration Detention Station Immigration Detention Stations Department of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service Japanese nationals Japanese immigrants (issei) denied citizenship discriminatory laws Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) detention stations Department of Justice (DOJ) internment camps Alien Enemy Hearing Board Sharp Park and Tuna Canyon, California Dept of Justice Internment Camp Department of Justice Internment Camps Japanese Latin Americans Seagoville Crystal City Old Raton Ranch Fort Missoula internment camp, Montana U.S. Army Internment Camp U.S. Army Internment Camps Camp Lordsburg in New Mexico Stringtown, Oklahoma Department of Justice (DOJ) internment camps U.S. Army internment sites Alien Enemy Hearing Board Camp Forrest internment camp, Tennessee Citizen Isolation Center War Relocation Authority Citizen Isolation Centers Citizen Isolation Centers Troublemakers citizen isolation center Civilian Conservation Corps Moab, Utah kibei camp directors Leupp, Arizona enemy aliens Department of Justice and U.S. Army internment camps Additional Facility War Relocation Authority Additional Facilities Antelope Springs, Utah Cow Creek and Tulelake, California dissenters U.S. Federal Prison Federal Prisons U.S. Federal Prisons Federal Bureau of Prisons draft resisters 1947 President Harry S. Truman full pardons to Selective Service Act McNeil Island Penitentiary, Washington Japanese relocation Japanese American relocation relocation center evacuation Japanese American evacuation evacuation orders evacuated Japanese Americans curfew Japanese American concentration camps civil liberties Civil Liberties Act CWRIC Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Bainbridge Island Terminal Island 120,000 Japanese Americans Lost Battalion MIS Military Intelligence Service 101st Infantry Battalion Gothic Line Battle of Cassino 522nd Field Artillery Battalion Fred Korematsu Korematsu decision coram nobis